THE TRANSFORMER & ELECTRICAL Co Ltd

              

 

POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

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Electrical power is the life blood of the modern world, it is a precious resource which requires careful management, without it our IT systems would fail and we would be lost in the stone age.

The rapid development of the world's economies and the expansion of commercial centres has led to an unprecedented demand on the system. New power stations are being commissioned at an alarming rate in order to keep up with demand and yet the power quality has never been under so many threats.

The problems are largely related to traditional mains borne disturbances, such as spikes, surges, brownouts and power cuts. However, to add to the situation a new phenomenon has emerged in recent years of ever increasing harmonic distortions.

Modern office buildings are filling up with sophisticated electrical and electronic equipment, much of which draws harmonic currents from its power supplies. These harmonic currents and the harmonic voltage distortion that they cause, can lead to unsafe and unreliable electrical power supplies. Operational difficulties are infrequent, but they can cause considerable disruption to the majority of organisations that rely on communications, process control or information technology.

Most large organisations are aware of the consequences to their business if power quality is not corrected and are taking measures to resolve this. Many have sought advice from power quality specialists such as TEC and Claude Lyons.

Claude Lyons are able to provide a complete service from start to finish, including site surveys, recommendations and solutions based on current and future needs, commissioning, installation, maintenance and service agreements backed up by their own fully qualified engineering teams.

The recommendations may not be as complicated as might be expected; in some cases the installation of conditioning and harmonic tolerant products such as PurePower UPS systems is all that is required and sometimes simple harmonic cancellation equipment will reduce the problems to an acceptable level, where as in other cases total correction, involving full conditioning and some form of active harmonic intervention will be necessary.

Remember the problem of harmonics is not going to go away, the generating companies although sympathetic  now will be forced to impose penalties in the future. Specifications such as G5/3, IEEE 519 and EN 6100-3-2 mean that these problems simply cannot be ignored. The solutions although not easily recognised are available and the Claude Lyons group of companies are well placed to provide them.

PQM - Problems / Solutions

QUALITY CATEGORY TYPICAL EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS MEASUREMENT METHOD TYPICAL CAUSES TYPICAL SOLUTIONS
Transients
bulletRandom equipment failures
bulletComputer data errors
bulletPeak Hold
bulletRise Time
bulletPulse Duration
bulletLightning
bulletESD
bulletLoad switching
bulletSurge Arrestors
bulletUltra Isolation Transformers
bulletLine Voltage Conditioners
bulletFilters
Sags / Surges

Slow > 100ms

bulletComputer data errors
bulletPower supply failures
bulletPeak / Trough Hold
bulletPulse Duration
bulletLoad Switching
bulletMotor Starting
bulletVoltage Stabilisers
bulletFerroresonant Transformers
Dropouts/Surges

Fast < 30ms

bulletLighting flicker
bulletComputer data loss
bulletRandom equipment reset / errors
bulletPeak / Trough Hold
bulletPulse Hold
bulletLoad Switching
bulletFuse Clearing
bulletArc Furnaces
bulletElectronic Voltage Stabilisers
bulletFerroresonant Transformers
bulletMains Voltage Compensators
bulletLine Voltage Conditioners
Under / Over

Voltages

bulletMotor torque reduction
bulletMotor overheating
bulletMotor burnout
bulletCircuit breaker tripping
bulletPower supply failure
bulletRMS vs Time
bulletStatistics
bulletWaveform
bulletPeak / RMS
bulletIndustrial Sites
bulletSystem Overload
bulletLoad Shedding
bulletTap Changing
bulletK-Factor Transformers
bulletFerroresonant Transformers
bulletMains Voltage Compensators
bulletVoltage Stabilisers
Voltage Flicker
bulletLighting problems / flicker
bulletTransformer noise
bulletMonitor screen wobble
bulletFlicker Meter- Magnitude/Frequency Modulation Frequency
bulletTap Changing
bulletLoad switching
bulletLoad Variations
bulletElectronic Voltage Stabilisers
bulletFerroresonant Transformers
Harmonic Current Distortion 3 Phase
bulletNeutral cables overheating / fires
bulletTransformer burn outs
bulletHigh neutral to ground voltages/circulating currents
bulletTHD Spectrum Analysis (3 Wire / 4 Wire )
bulletNon Linear Loads
bulletVariable Speed Drives
bulletSystem Resonance
bulletK-Factor Transformers
bulletPassive Filters
bulletActive Harmonic Conditioners
Harmonic Current Distortion Single Phase
bulletTransformer overheating / fires
bulletMonitor screen wobble
bulletTHD Spectrum Analysis
bulletNon Linear Loads
bulletVariable Speed Drives
bulletPassive Filters Series/Parallel
bulletFerroresonant Transformers
bulletActive Harmonic Conditioners
Harmonic Voltage Distortion
bulletRandom equipment resets / crashes
bulletClock problems
bulletSynchronising problem due to to multiple zero crossings
bulletTHD Spectrum Analysis                      (L-L)                            (L-N)                           (N-E)
bulletHigh levels of non linear current
bulletVariable Drives
bulletSystem Resonance
bulletHigh Impedance
bulletElectronic Voltage Stabilisers (Waveform correction option)
bulletActive Harmonic Conditioners
Interruptions and Power Failure
bulletBlack outs
bulletData loss
bulletProduction line down time
bulletDuration against time
bulletFuse fault clearing
bulletLoad Shedding
bulletAuto reclosers
bulletUninterruptible Power Supply
bulletBack up generator (local)
Bad Power Factor
bulletHigh maximum demand
bulletOver sizes supply
bulletkVA/kW
bulletkVAR
bulletMotor Loads
bulletLighting Systems
bulletPower Factor Correction
bulletCapacitor Banks fixed/auto